Bribery - Analysis of Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bribery - Analysis of Articles - Essay Example At the next level, Segon and Booth (2010) review the literature published on corruption and bribery as business phenomena; their study focuses on correction and bribery in Vietnam but reference is also made to these problems as parts of business operations in other countries internationally – for example Australia and Britain. A different aspect of bribery is examined in the study of Hunt and Laszlo (2009); the above researchers examine the level of bribery in public services of Peru and Uganda aiming to show the difference in the level of bribery between poor and rich people in the particular countries. It is noted that rich people are more likely to bribe compared to poor people; the cost of bribe for the latter seems to be higher – if taking into consideration the fact that poor people have to use almost all of their income when they have to bribe, while in rich people there is no such case. The methods used in the articles under analysis for reviewing and evaluating bribery as a business and social phenomenon, are differentiated. More specifically, the study of Martin, Cullen and Johnson (2007) focuses on the potential influence of national culture on bribery. Data have been gathered from about 4,000 firms internationally aiming to show that bribery can be influenced by culture and by institutional – drivers (Martin, Cullen and Johnson 1401). The characteristics of bribery as a social phenomenon are presented and analyzed; also, the relationship between bribery and the anomie theory is examined. Then, the hypotheses on which the empirical research developed for the study are presented. Finally, the data used for developing the paper are presented and evaluated; these data have been retrieved from the World Bank in 2000 – the sample of the countries participated reached the 80 countries; after using specific variables for choosing the material used in the article, the study’s sample has been reduced approximately by 20% (Ma rtin, Cullen and Johnson 1408). The above data are analyzed using the hierarchical linear modeling. The results of the research are presented using appropriate graphs; also the implications of the research are highlighted aiming to ensure the credibility of the study. The study of Segon and Booth (2010) focuses on the examination of bribery as a phenomenon related to developing economies; in the above study emphasis is given on corruption and bribery as developed in Vietnam and the challenges that managers in firms operating in the particular country have to face because of the above phenomena. The literature referring to corruption and bribery in developing economies is critically reviewed; effort is made so that the causes of corruption and bribery are identify; moreover, the relationship between bribery and national culture is examined. The concepts of culture, corruption and bribery are carefully reviewed – referring to the relevant literature; particular emphasis is give n on bribery and corruption as social and business phenomena in Vietnam. The above study is based solely on literature review – focusing on the issues mentioned above. Hunt and Laszlo (2009) try to identify the cost and benefits of bribery in regard to the income of poor of rich people in Peru and Uganda; in general the article aims to show the level of

Strategic Management CP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management CP - Essay Example ing and implementation of IT in military organizations based on the overall strategic goals has different organizational competencies to those of civilian organizations (Bouwman, 2005). The paper undertakes to demonstrate clearly the difference of planning for and implementation of information technology in civilian and military organizations. Additionally, it performs an evaluation based on the varied overall strategic goals of civilian and military organizations, planning and implementation of information technology. Flattening of information in an organization entails reassigning the authority and functions of one or more middle management layers, either upward or downward. Planning for and implementation of information technology requires the involvement of stakeholders at various management levels. According to Bouwman (2005), flattening an organization improves the flow of information from those who have it to those in the position to act on it. Additionally, reduction of the number of management layers equally increases the accuracy of information by limiting the chances of either deliberate or accidental distortion. However, it should be noted that flattening focuses on the function of middle management that include the aggregation, filtering and transmission of information. It is perhaps with respect to these functions that the advances in information technology suggest flattening as being desirable, given that information technology facilitates this work and may allow for the automation of much of it. In this regard, leadership roles in the planning and implementation of IT in civilian and military organizations are different. In civilian organizations, spans of control run from twenty or thirty to hundreds of subordinates. In these organizations, superiors do not have to control their subordinates in any way since they cannot teaching their subordinates necessary skills (Anderson, Banker, Menon & Romero, 2011). Further, in civilian organizations,

Union Carbide behind Gauley Bridge

Union Carbide behind Gauley Bridge The Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, was Americas greatest industrial catastrophe and has been hidden from most of the American public today.[1] In retrospect, it is incredible that the story of the digging of the tunnel near Gauley Bridge did not break until 1935. [2]Although much controversy was to surround the calculation of the projects human cost, a U.S. Public Health Service official testifying before a Congressional committee in 1961 put it at 476 dead and 1,500 disabled. Yet it took five years from the time construction began for nationwide attention to focus on the tragedy, and the full facts did not emerge until a year later in the course of a Congressional hearing. The deadly lung disease silicosis is caused when miners, sandblasters, and foundry and tunnel workers inhale fine particles of silica dust-a mineral found in sand, quartz, and granite. In 1935, approximately 1,500 workers-largely African Americans who had come north to find work-were killed by exposure to silica dust while building a tunnel in Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. Ordinarily, silicosis takes a several years to develop, but these West Virginia tunnel workers were falling ill in a matter of months because of exposure to unusually high concentrations of silica dust. The crisis over silicosis suddenly became a national issue, as seen in this article in the radical newspaper Peoples Press. [a]In 1936 congressional hearings on the Gauley Bridge disaster, it was revealed that company officials and engineers wore masks to protect themselves when they visited the tunnel, but they failed to provide masks for the tunnels themselves, even when the workers requested them. I can see that all of this was because a rich and powerful corporation valued dollars above lives. When the Rinehart Dennis, Co., contractors for the New-Kanawha Power Co., started tunneling through two mountains a mile east of Gauley Bridge, on a power project to cost millions, they had know the tunnel would go through silicate rock. They knew that men working in the tunnel would breathe in the dust. They knew that without protection they would get silicosis, deadly lung disease. Behind Rinehart Dennis was the New-Kanawha Power Co., set to build the tunnel, dissolved as soon as the tunnel was completed late in 1934.[3] Union Carbide Behind the New-Kanawha Power Co. is the Electro Metallurgical Co. This is the big company that will use and sell the New Kanawha power. Behind the Electro Metallurgical Co. is the Union Carbide Chemical Co., gigantic company spreading into many fields. Power to be won from the mountains and the rivers of West Virginia was behind the building of the tunnel at Hawks Nest, near Gauley Bridge. Dams, powerhouses, and a tunnel through the mountains to increase the drop in the New River and the force of the waterpower-a huge project, with huge profits to be made, from the power and the enormous silicate deposits. A huge project was started in 1926, not yet completed, though the death tunnel is done. Millions have been spent-$20,000,000 already. Engineers of the company had made tests. The mountains were full of silicate rock. Silicate-valuable, deadly if breathed into the lungs in large amounts. No complete protection against silicate was known, when very fine, as in this case, but there were masks that helped. Ventilation shafts would carry some of the dust away. Also, on the night of December 2, 1984, an accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released at least 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, as well as a number of other poisonous gases. Temporary huts or shantytowns that surrounded the pesticide plant lead to more than 600,000 people being exposed to the deadly gas cloud that night. The gases stayed low to the ground, causing victims throats and eyes to burn, inducing nausea, and many deaths. Estimates of the death toll vary from as few as 3,800 to as many as 16,000, but government figures now refer to an estimate of 15,000 killed over the years. Toxic material remains, and 30 years later, many of those who were exposed to the gas have given birth to physically and mentally disabled children. For decades, survivors have been fighting to have the site cleaned up, but they say the efforts were slowed when Michigan-based Dow Chemical took over Union Carbide in 2001. Human rights groups say that t housands of tons of hazardous waste remain buried underground, and the government has conceded the area is contaminated. There has, however, been no long-term epidemiological research, which conclusively proves that birth defects are directly related to the drinking of the contaminated water.[4] Similar (The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster) Main Cause The environmental and human decision making factors that were associated with the launching of the Space Shuttle Challenger on Jan. 28,1986, the Challenge exploded shortly after liftoff, destroying the vehicle and all of its seven crew members, thus the cause of the problem as noted by Roger Boisjoly, chief engineer at Morton Thiokol was that due to the much cooler temperatures he found that both the primary and secondary-ring seals on the field joint had been blackened due to severe hot gas blowby. As he had recorded earlier in his studies that provided a direct correlation between low temperatures, and the concern that the O-rings on the shuttles solid rocket boosters would stiffen in the cold losing their ability to preform well as a suitably seal. The shuttle solid rocket boosters (or SRBs), are key elements in the operation of the shuttle. Without the boosters, the shuttle cannot produce enough thrust to overcome the earths gravitational pull and achieve orbit. There is an SRB attached to each side of the external fuel tank. Each booster is 149 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. Before ignition, each booster weighs 2 million pounds. Solid rockets in general produce much more thrust per pound than their liquid fuel counterparts. The drawback is that once the solid rocket fuel has been ignited, it cannot be turned off or even controlled. So it was extremely important that the shuttle SRBs were properly designed. Morton Thiokol was awarded the contract to design and build the SRBs in 1974. Thiokols design is a scaled-up version of a Titan missile, which had been used successfully for years. NASA accepted the design in 1976. The booster is comprised of seven hollow metal cylinders. The solid rocket fuel is cast into the cylinders at the Thiokol plant in Utah, and the cylinders are assembled into pairs for transport to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. At KSC, the four booster segments are assembled into a completed booster rocket. The joints where the segments are joined together at KSC are known as field joints (See Figure 1). These field joints consist of a tang and clevis joint., which 177 clevis pins hold the tang and clevis together. Each joint is sealed by two O-rings, the bottom ring known as the primary O-ring, and the top known as the secondary O-ring. (The Titan booster had only one O-ring. The second ring was added as a measure of redundancy since the boosters would be lifting humans into orbit. Except for the increased scale of the rockets diameter, this was the only major difference between the shuttle booster and the Titan booster.) The purpose of the O-rings is to prevent hot combustion gasses from escaping from the inside of the motor. To provide a barrier between the rubber O-rings and the c ombustion gasses, a heat resistant putty is applied to the inner section of the joint prior to assembly. The gap between the tang and the clevis determines the amount of compression on the O-ring. To minimize the gap and increase the squeeze on the O-ring, shims are inserted between the tang and the outside leg of the clevis. [b] In my opinion NASA should have delayed the launch, simply to explore the research that maybe Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol s theory held merit and was based of a scientific observation form such an expert in the field of Rocket Science. Placing myself in that position, protocol would warrant a whistle-blower status as lives and multi-million dollars was a stake, not withholding the reputation of NASA and the Space Program overall. Without knowing the contractual obligation he had as an employee of a company that done work for NASA and the political hoops and legal ramifications that would follow, so out of the choices provided Resigning the position in protest is the only clear option, expect the end result would probably not change. Yet in my opinion Roger Boisjoly of Morton Thiokol did exactly what practically could have been done within reason considering the circumstances. Similar (Water Disaster in Elk River, West Virginia) Main Cause In Elk River, West Virginia on January 9, 2014 a chemical spill various parties initiated numerous legal actions at both the state and federal levels. Community advocates have been at the forefront of state legislation to register never before documented chemical storage tanks. Approximately 50,000 tanks were identified for regulation, many of which were located along West Virginias water supply. The spills fallout and West Virginias lead to create a chemical storage tank regulatory program set a precedent for several other states to enact their own chemical tank legislation and bills were proposed in halls of Congress and the U.S. Senate. [c]Despite immense public support, these West Virginia regulatory bills were already being dismantled by the next legislative session. In addition to legislation intended to prevent similar crises, numerous criminal charges were filed against parties responsible for the spill. The U.S. Attorney for southern West Virginia obtained 15 indictments for up to 93 years in prison against Freedom Industries former president Gary Southern for charges including wire fraud. Although in an FBI-conducted investigation Gary Southern claimed no association with Freedom Industries, he ultimately pled guilty for violating the federal Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, and negligent for failing to have a pollution prevention plan, and faces up to three years in prison and $300,000 in fines. Among five other Freedom Industries executives who pleaded guilty on charges related to the spill, Dennis Farrell, pleaded guilty to violating the Refuse Act and failing to have a pollution prevention plan, for which he faces sentencing of 30 days to two years in prison and up to $200,000 in fines. Numerous civil suits have been filed in the aftermath of the crisis, including over 50 against West Virginia American Water in just the first nine months following the spill. Several personal injury suits as well as a class action lawsuit against Freedom Industries, its top executives, Eastman Chemical Company, West Virginia American Water, American Water, its parent company. In December 2015, Freedom Industries Farrell and Southern settled one such class action for $50,000 and $350,000 respectively [1] http://cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUL6nnJO-6Q [3] http://cstl-hcb.semo.edu/pgershuny/Gauley%20Bridge.htm [4] https://www.britannica.com/event/Bhopal-disaster [a] http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/ [b] http://ethics.tamu.edu/Portals/3/Case%20Studies/Shuttle.pdf [c] https://wvwatercrisis.com/

Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers

Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred. Criminal Acts in Sport :: essays research papers Criminal Acts in Sport; Getting Away With Murder Introduction The amount of crimes that occur in and around sports has been a growing topic of conversation over the last decade in our society. Sports participants and spectators alike have been committing crimes on far more frequent basis over the last few years and in the minds of some, this is an issue that is getting or has gotten out of hand. There is a question that is asked by many, â€Å"Where does part of the game become a crime?† as well as; â€Å"Why are sports the cause of so much aggression?† This and many other questions relating to crime, in and around sports, are seeking an answer that may never be completely resolved. When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur. During the evaluation of the events in each topic area there are some legal terms that may need to be defined. These terms may also be defined differently depending on the state that the event occurs in. At the end of this paper there is a list of definitions that describe what a certain legal action could mean. All forms of government view these definitions similarly, however, each state may have differing consequences for each of the crimes. Professional Sports INTRODUCTION In the world of professional sports there are many criminal acts that are committed both on and off the playing surface. In this section we are going to look at a few cases where criminal acts have occurred.

Nietzsche’s Attitude to Religion Essay

I carefully read Ms S Ramola Naidu’s Ph. D. dissertation entitled â€Å"Culture, History, Politics: The Representation of Women in the American War Novels of Ernest Hemingway, e. e. cummings, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. † submitted at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Divided into four chapters, the dissertation is neatly chalked out with a very informative introduction and a befitting conclusion. All the four novels undertaken for the study dwell upon the image of the American women against the background of the World Wars. Chapter I, â€Å"Fragmentation of Society: The Enormous Room,† shows that women are not the weaker sex but are the pillars that support family and society. Chapter II entitled â€Å"Triumph of Love: A Farewell to Arms† deals with the evil effects of the First World War on society in general and on women in particular. Chapter III, â€Å"Parental Indifference: Mother Night,† focuses on the catastrophe of the Second World War disapproving â€Å"the ultra-modern American woman who sacrifices the basic demands of her family† (page 9, Abstract). The last chapter, â€Å"Bureaucratic Callousness: Catch 22† depicts the chaotic military organizations and the ugliness and brutality of human exploitation. Ms Naidu’s topic has a great relevance to the present political context in the entire world standing on the threshold of another atomic war. It has become our responsibility to avoid war upto the possible limit for the peace, prosperity, and happiness of human beings. Through her study Ms Naidu tries to evince that the holocaust of World Wars has engendered a lot of human miseries problems, the loss of human dignity and ntegrity, eventually reducing man to the status of a tragic figure. She is also sure that women problems cannot be solved through any slogan or being a liberate women or feminist. A woman can achieve her dignity cherishing a firm faith in the sanctity of true love, basic emotions and feelings, sacrifice and moral and social values. Ms Naidu is quite successful in delineating the writers’ vision about a bright future that is not far fetched provided every individual develops a positive attitude towards life. It is good piece of research embodying clarity, critical acumen, and hard industry of the candidate. The thesis is characterized by a refined and chiselled language, though a few syntactical, grammatical, and punctuation errors are also visible here and there. It is a purely thematic study. The candidate has adopted an analytical method; and the representation of women in the American novels of the mentioned writers has been highlighted through the analysis of plots, characters, dialogues, and settings. She is capable enough to display her critical insight, logical coherence, and the skill of the assimilation of material in the corpus of the thesis. It is well-written and fulfils all the requirements of a good dissertation. In view of the above, I am pleased to recommend that Ms Ramaola Naidu deserves the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English of Osmania University, Hyderabd.

Employers and Employees rights Essay

INTRODUCTION: In this piece of course work I am going to describe, using examples from Shropshire county council, the rights of the employer and its employees. I am also going to explain using examples of how the they resolve the disagreements with its employees over rights of employment or working conditions. Then I am going to evaluate the extent to which Shropshire ensures that a good working relationship exist between the employers and employees. 1. Describe the employer and employee rights of the business you have investigated in detail and give examples. We as employers and employees at Shropshire county council are protected by numerous amount of laws Some of these laws are: Equal pay act 1963 This allows us as employees to get a fair share in pay. This act will enable us to take legal action against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of not getting the right amount of pay that should be permitted. Not only does this act helps us as employees it also helps our employers. The directors of Shropshire county council employ the employers that employ us, so they too are considered to be employees. Race relation act 1976 This act allows us both as employees and employers to be treated fairly. This act has to do with the discrimination against our race or religion. It enables us to take legal actions against Shropshire if we feel and have proof of unfair treatment of our race and religion. Pregnancy and Discrimination act This act is here for both the employees and employers if we are fired or discriminated because of being pregnant. This will allow us to get compensation. If fired this will also allow us to also get our job back at Shropshire. Health and Safety act This is there for both we the employees and our employers. Not only are we protected by this act we are also responsible for the health and safety for the other members of staff. E.g. in the computer rooms we must act responsible for not permitted to smoke in non-smoking areas, if done this could affect other members of staff. 2. State how the business resolves its disagreements with employees in connection with employment and working conditions. When disputes occur at Shropshire the management will try to follow the correct procedure. Wherever possible the issue is dealt with by managers within the council. There are clear procedures to follow, which will be carefully followed. . E.g. if a member of staff was discriminated by one of his or her co-workers with proof the staff member could bring it to a union representative and ask them for help. The main union for workers in the council is NALGO (National Association for Local Workers). The officers will then advise the employees of there rights and they will then try and investigate the situation and having a meeting so that they could try and resolve the problem. If an agreement can’t be reach even by arbitration the European Court of justice night be last resort. They will then discuss the problem and the employee who was at fault could be fired or suspended for a certain amount of days/months. If suspended then the employee would return once the situation have been investigated. if this fails then they could go to a tribunal, which is a small court that resolve small cases. 3. State the weaknesses and strength on the ways that your chosen business ensures a good working relationship with the employer and its employees. Weaknesses If you are suspended for something that you didn’t do then, you can be the one who feel guilty. So I think that they should really investigate and make sure that they have the right substantial evidence before they fire or suspend the employee. Strengths It is abiding the law. All the actions that are taken are legal, and the victim could get compensation. Another strength is that there is access to the right information and there is also a department that will give people advice. > NET–> http://www.osbornebooks.co.uk/pdf/intermediate_business_1.pdf Date (18/10/04) > NET–> http://www.davidjreed.com/Corporate/business_types.htm Date (18/10/04) > BOOK–> GCSE Applied Business–> AUTHORS–> Michael Fardon, Chris Nuttall, John Prokopiw –>UNIT 1–>NUMBER–> 5&6 –>from pages 42-61 Date (18/10/04) > LEAFLET–>Shropshire County council case study –>page 121 Date (18/10/04)

Lemon juice Essay Example

Lemon juice Essay Example Lemon juice Essay Lemon juice Essay Nutritional Status of People For thousandths of years our lives have hinged on our ability to find sufficient food for survival. While the world can produce enough food for every human being, there are still individuals who are literally starving to death. Factors Influencing Food Choice 1. Food availability You can only choose what to eat from the foods that are available to you. There are a number of factors that influence the types of foods available on the market: agricultural factors, imports, ease Of transportation, available DOD manufacturing facilities and technology. The marketplace provides an environment where food is displayed for sale. 2. Food acceptability Foods may be readily available to consumers, but the final decision about what foods to eat is based upon what each individual considers to be acceptable. 3. Knowledge of nutrition Whether the choice of food available for selection is limited or infinite, the individuals knowledge of nutrition will also determine if the right choice have been made in relation to good health. What is Nutrition? A word that comes from the Latin word nuttier, meaning to nourish or feed. Its about how and why we eat food, how our bodies digest and utilize food, how food affects our metabolism and how we dispose of bodily waste products. The study of nutrition also involves the nutritional requirements of each individual and the consequences to health when too much or too little of each nutrient is consumed. Nutrients are chemical substances that are present if foods. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos Educating the public to make proper food choices that are appropriate in the cultural, economic, social and environmental conditions that exist has always been a difficult task and continues to be a challenge. Nutrition education still remains as the cornerstone to improving the nutritional status of the population in the long term. Disseminating simple and practical nutrition message that encourage individuals to consume an adequate and well- balanced diet together with a healthy lifestyle is therefore a most desirable objective. In their simplest form, these messages are called Nutritional Guidelines. The development Of Nutritional Guidelines therefore is one Of the key strategies to promote appropriate diets and related health practices to achieve the goal of improving the nutritional condition of the population. Nutritional Guidelines For Filipinos 1. Eat a variety of foods every day. The human body needs more than 40 different nutrients for good health. No single food can provide all the nutrients in the amounts needed. Eat a variety of foods, to provide all the nutrients required in the proper amount and balance. 2. Breast-feed infants exclusively from birth to 4-6 months and then, give appropriate foods while continuing breast-feeding. Infants and children up to 2 years of age are most vulnerable to malnutrition. Breast-feeding is one of the most effective strategies to improve child survival. Nutritional requirements of an infant can be obtained solely from breast milk for the first 6 months of life. After that time, breast milk must be complemented with appropriate foods, but breast-feeding should be continued for up to 2 years of age or longer. The decision to breast-feed is made by the mother. Nonetheless, the husband and other family members, health workers, neighbors, community organizations, officemates and employers must encourage her to breast-feed her infant. 3. Maintain childrens normal growth through proper diet and monitor their growth regularly. An adequate diet for n active child is one that promotes good health and normal growth. A well- nourished child is healthy, strong, and alert, has good disposition, and grows at a normal rate. A poorly nourished child exhibits sluggish if not permanently delayed physical and mental development. In addition, he is lethargic and frequently ill because of low resistance to infection. Over nutrition on the other hand, may lead to obesity that may cause physical and emotional problems in childhood and later in life. 4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry or dried beans. To improve the Filipino diet, not only should the total quantity of food be increased but the quality of the diet should also be improved by including animal products of substitutes. Including fish, lean meat, poultry, or dried beans in the daily meals will not only enhance the protein quality if the diet but also supply highly observable iron, preformed vitamin A and zinc. Fish, lean meat, poultry without skin, and dried beans, in contrast to fatty meats, are low in saturated fats, which are linked to heart disease. 5. Eat more vegetables, fruits and root crops. In general, most people do not eat enough vegetables, fruits and root crops. Results of food consumption surveys conducted by the FINN show that the average consumption of green leafy vegetables, vitamin C-rich fruits and root crops are low in the Filipino diet. The consumption of more vegetables, fruits and root crops is encouraged to help correct the encountering deficiencies consistently noted in national nutrition surveys. Eating root crops will add dietary energy to the meal. 6. Eat foods cooked in edible/cooking oil daily. In general, Filipinos use very little oil in their cooking. Boiling is the most common method of food preparation. Hence, the total fat and oil consumption in a Filipino diet is low. Fats and oils are concentrated sources of energy. A low fat and oil consumption results in a diet low in energy value, contributing to chronic energy deficiency. Fats and oils are also essential for absorption and utilization of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A. A low fat intake may be one of the causes of vitamin A deficiency among Filipinos. To ensure adequate fat intake, Filipinos should be encouraged to stir-fry foods in vegetable oil or to add fats and oils whenever possible in food preparation. This will guard against chronic energy deficiency and help to lower the risk of vitamin A deficiency. The excessive use of saturated fats and oils, however, ay increase the risk of heart disease. The proper choice of fats and oils therefore is essential. 7. Consume milk, milk products and other calcium-rich foods such as small fish and dark green leafy vegetables everyday. Nutrition surveys indicate a consistent failure of Filipinos to meet dietary recommendations for calcium. An adequate amount of calcium in the diet starting from childhood all through adulthood will help prevent osteoporosis in later life. Milk and milk products provide highly observable calcium besides being good sources of protein, vitamin A and other nutrients. Milk and other Alicia-rich foods are valuable additions to our rice/plant-based diets, which are not only poor sources of calcium but also contain calcium-inhibiting substances. 8. Use dizzied salt, but avoid excessive intake of salty foods. Goiters and Iodine Deficiency Disorders are rampant in many areas of the Philippines, causing physical and mental retardation in children. The regular use of dizzied salt in the table and in cooking in addition to taking iodine-rich foods, will greatly help in eradicating this preventable disease. On the other hand, excessive intake of salt and salty foods particularly in susceptible individuals increases the risk of hypertension and hence of heart disease. Avoiding too much table salt and overly salty foods may help in the prevention and control of these conditions. G. Eat clean and safe food. Food and water are essential to life but they may also carry disease-causing organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, or harmful chemical substances. It is important to buy foods that are safe. Purchase food only from reliable sources. In addition, care must be taken when preparing and serving meals to prevent food-borne diseases. Sharing in the efforts to improve environmental hygiene and sanitation in the community will greatly contribute to food safety in the home. 10. For a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition, exercise regularly, do not smoke and avoid drinking alcoholic beverages. With the changing lifestyle of Filipinos, chronic degenerative diseases are becoming significant public health problems. Healthy diets, regular exercise, abstinence from smoking and moderate alcohol intake are key components of a healthy lifestyle. Guidelines on specific nutrients 1 . Eat foods containing calcium. This is particularly important for girls and women. Eat foods containing iron. This is particularly important for girls, women, vegetarians and athletes. Promoting Good Nutrition in the Food Industry Eat a diet low in fat and low in saturated fat. One challenge for all companies or organizations that process food is to use less saturated fat without losing flavor. There are a number of ways of reducing the amount of saturated fat: when choosing ingredients and when preparing foods. When choosing ingredients in order to reduce saturated fat, select: Lean cuts of meat Polyunsaturated margarines instead of butter, shortenings etc. Low fat salad resting. When preparing foods in order to reduce saturated fat: Do not add fat when grilling, baking poaching, etc. Avoid creamy and cheesy sauces over vegetables, or glazes made of butter and sugar. Use lemon juice and/or vinegar dressing. Use non-stick pans for frying and sauteins. Steam vegetables and cook for minimum amounts of time. Remove fat from broths, stews and casseroles. Thicken sauces by reducing stocks and adding tomato, tomato paste and fruit nectars. Use herbs instead of butter, cream etc. To add flavor and interest to dishes. Choose low salt foods and use salt sparingly Some high salt foods may be difficult to exclude from planned menus that change daily for the sake of variety. Lower salt products should be used as alternatives to high salt foods. When choosing ingredients in order to reduce salt, select: High quality fresh foods and processed foods that do not contain salt (e. G. Frozen vegetables) low salt, reduced salt or no added salt products. When preparing foods in order to reduce salt: use alternative flavor enhancers such as lemon juice, vinegar and herbs. Select cooking methods that retain the flavor, such as stir-frying cooking in foil, dry baking and cooking in the minimum amount of water.

Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Example

Should Same Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legally Recognized Essay Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Legally Recognized? Abstract The issue on whether or not same-sex marriages should be legalized in the United States has been a major debate lately. Some believe this is a personal preference, which everyone is entitled to, and this should be left up to each partner as to whether or not they get married. Others believe this issue should most definitely not be legalized because they believe for it to be unconstitutional and sinful. This research will show the arguments for and against the issue and the pros and cons for each side of the debate. It will show why same-sex marriage is believed to be personal preference and, also, why some believe it is unconstitutional and sinful. This issue has caused a major uproar in the United States and hopefully our lawmakers can come to a conclusion in the near future. Introduction In the United States, marriage has always been between a man and a woman whom believe each other are their soul mate. Not only in recent years, but also in the past, some people are saying that a person of the opposite sex is not their soul mate so, eventually, they wish to marry the same sex. This has caused a major debate amongst Americans. While some people believe they should be able to marry anyone hey want, including the same sex, because they believe this is a personal preference, others completely disagree. The people who disagree do so because they believe this issue is unconstitutional and sinful. Eventually, everyone is going to have to come together and make the decision that will best suit our society. Arguments Allowing Same-Sex Marriages Those for same-sex marriages believe that same-sex couples should have the rights to the same marriage benefits and public acknowledgment enjoyed by heterosexual couples (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013). For example, if their ratter is very sick and is in the hospital they may not get to see them because hospital policies state that only your spouse and family members are allowed in the more severe rooms and parts of the facility (Knockdowns). With this nears that partners have no say so when it comes to medical care decisions, or finances for that matter. It is sad when life-long partners are deprived of certain rights in situations like this one, but, at this time, it is still against the law, in most states. Another reason same-sex partners want to marry is because it could make it easier for them to adopt and expand their family. Allowing these partners to marry may also increase the United States adoption rate (Miserly, 2011). Like heterosexual couples, nonsexual couples want Tamales too. Wendell teen may not De addle to expand their family naturally, they can adopt and take a child in and raise him or her as their own. There are plenty of children in need of being adopted and allowing homosexual couples to marry and provide these children in need a place to live and call home is a wonderful thing. However, having parents of the same sex could possibly cause some gender role confusion later on in life for the child. Miserly, 2011) Same-sex partners Just want to be able to make marry who they love and be acknowledged by society so they, too, can receive the benefits of being married. Also, they feel that they are being discriminated against and infringed upon their right to equality (Knockdowns). Since the United States is a free country, these couples believe they should be able to do whatever with their life as they see fit, even if that includes marrying someone of the same sex. Arguments Against Same-Sex Marriages Those against same-sex marriages argue that altering the traditional definition of arraign as between a man and a woman will further weaken a threatened institution and that legalizing gay marriage is a slippery slope that may lead to polygamous and interspecies marriages (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013). The marrying of these couples could weaken our family values overtime since the building blocks of our society and the thing that makes it strong is the traditional family of man, woman, and children. It is what has sustained us through two world wars, terrorist attacks, a Great Depression, and numerous other challenges over the centuries. While friends lovers come and go, your family is always there. The main reason our culture and values have started to crumble is the weakening of families. Introducing another form of family would only make the situation worse. (Messes, The idea that legalizing same-sex marriages may lead to polygamy or other types of marriages is because there is no place to stop once that issue has been crossed. Historically, the definition of marriage has rested on a bedrock of tradition, legal precedent, theology and the overwhelming support of the people. (Ten Arguments Against Same Sex Marriage) While these are drastic reasons why the same sex would not marry, they should be taken into consideration to figure out where to draw the line. Religion plays a huge role in why people believe the same sex should not marry. The Bible says that marriage is between a man and a woman and anyone who veers from this path is a sinner. Gay marriage is incompatible with the beliefs, sacred texts, and traditions of many religious groups. The Catholic Church, Presbyterian Church, Islam, United Methodist Church, Southern Baptist Convention, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, National Association of Evangelicals, and American Baptist Churches USA all oppose same-sex marriage. Expanding marriage to include same- sex couples may lead to churches being forced to marry couples and children being taught in school that same-sex marriage is the same as opposite-sex marriage. (Should Gay Marriage be Legal, 2013) Implications This debate is definitely one that is going to require a lot of time and effort to come up with the right decision. Even after that there will be controversy from one side or the other. While same-sex marriages will change the traditional style of the United States it may not be a mistake to allow this. We do live in a free country where e can make our own decisions, but right now these couples are being denied their right to be united as one. On the other hand, it does go against our beliefs and what has made us the great country we are today. Either way, this is going to be a tough decision the United State government is going to have to make and hopefully they do this sooner rather than later. Recommendation One recommendation is to rewrite this part of the U. S. Constitution to say that a marriage is to be between two adults, not Just a man and a woman. Here is Joe Mesmerisms (2012) recommended example of how the new amendment should be: A marriage, as recognized by federal, state, and local governments, is defined as a union between two adults. The two adults must both be over the age of 18 and must not be immediate relatives (sibling, parent, first cousin, aunt, uncle, grandparent). Any further restrictions of the marriage are left up to the states, with any state decision applying only to the state that passes the law and any other state that recognizes a similar marriage. (Miserly, 2012) Obviously, there would have to be some adjustments made, but I think he makes a great recommendation to solve this issue. This will not fully satisfy either sides of this debate, but maybe it will help them come to some type of agreement where they will leave each other alone and not discriminate against the other. Conclusion Same-sex marriages will continue to be an ongoing debate until the government decides to do something to make the debate useless or it pleases both sides. Since both sides have very strong feelings about their beliefs I believe it will have to be the first option that puts an end to this issue. Same-sex partners believe they should be able to marry who they want since that is a right that heterosexual couples get. However, those against same-sex marriages believe this issue to be demeaning and threatening toward traditional marriages, which are between a man and a woman.

Analysis Of The Short Story Gregory

variation of the story as you read. As you read not only has wording made an influence in the piece but also incorporated is a different point of view. â€Å"Boys† is introduced to us in third person offering us a long distances shot of the progress as the boys age. In an interview Rick Moody states that the third person is the mother of the boys, narrating the story in an â€Å"understated way, she is the perceiver, their mother is the center piece of the story.† (Rick Moody) Viewing the story from a higher†¦ Character Analysis of Lusus Naturae The short story of Lusus Naturae is about a young girl who has been struck by a life-altering disease. Lusus was only seven-years-old when she became ill with the measles and shortly after her life turned upside down. This young lady was appeared to be strong, beautiful, and wanted by others until she had become diseased. Lusus was a very loyal girl who always put others above her own needs or wants. Lusus was described to have, â€Å"yellow eyes, pink teeth†¦ Analysis of Two Short Stories Laura Cutler Ashford University Introduction to Literature ENG125 Instructor Rivera March 2, 2015 Analysis of Two Short Stories A literary analysis is important to assist a reader in knowing how or why an author writes a particular piece of literature, whether it is a poem, short story, novel , play, informational piece, etc. and then have the ability to relate to it as an individual. In the short stories 'Sweat' and 'Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been'†¦ After reading the short-story â€Å"A Worn Path†, it is absolutely evident that race was playing a role in how Phoenix was being treated Early on in the story there is mention of skin tone, "Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag" (1006). Among the several references to Phoenix’s race, the most significant of all is when she meets the hunter in the woods. He seems very nice at first, helping her up after she had fallen, but then he starts making subtle comments†¦ Matriarchy – a short story. I was eight when I realized something was different about me. I was ten when I asked my auntie why I wasn’t allowed to go to school with the girls. I coulda done a lot of things to change the way I live now. I coulda made the Change, I guess. It’s the only way to avoid gettin’ stuck in a job I don’t want. â€Å"Praise your enlightenment,† my auntie would probably say, with a smile on her thin, pale lips. She’s an old, traditional woman. Hates men talking back to her—or trying†¦ â€Å"The Black Cat† Analysis When reading a short story many people take the details given to be the unconditional truth. This is probably why so many of these people are confused or repulsed by a story like â€Å"The Black Cat.† Throughout the story, the narrator makes numerous contradictions. These contradictions, combined with his actions make me doubt the legitimacy and truth of what he says. In the first few paragraphs of the story, the narrator makes a point of rejecting the idea that he is mad†¦ ''A very short story'' by Ernest Hemingway. Title: ''A very short story'' Author: Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961). Source: CAPPELEN DAMM AS, Oslo 2008 – ''Access to English literature, VG3''. Anthony, Burgess, Mikkelsen & Sà ¸rhus. Chapter 1, page 23-24. Setting. A lot of geographic places are mentioned in the short story, as the characters move around, however the most important part of the story is set to Padua, in northern Italy. The story is about an Italian woman, Luz, and an American†¦ The short story â€Å"Courage† portrays the journey of a young British Soldier, James Grant, as he is airdropped into the wrong part France the day before D-Day. Grant has to hide himself from the German soldiers until he can reunite with his team and complete their mission. â€Å"Courage† shows its readers that sometimes the instruments supposed to aid in times of distress cause more trouble than they are actually worth. This theme actually presents itself in multiple parts of the story to the different characters†¦ -The story begins on a December Sunday after classes at Pencey Prep school in Argerstown, Pennsylvania -Holden gets the â€Å"ax† for failing all of his classes except for English. (He has already failed out of three other schools) -Holden is told that he is being expelled, but he 's not scheduled to return home to Manhattan until Wednesday, so he goes and visits his former history teacher who tries to give him academic advice. -Holden later returns to his dormitory where he becomes annoyed by his†¦ Short Story Content Analysis Essay What is the point of any piece of great literature? Or rather, what is great literature? Some would say that accomplished literature is a way of exceptionally telling a story. However, what is the point of storytelling? In many cases, stories are told for entertainment. However, most stories have a moral or theme conveying an important message about life or how to live it. This is the point of great literature, to convey this message beautifully. Some pieces of†¦

Communication and Personality Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication and Personality Paper - Essay Example Till this day, I have not been able to understand the psyche of the two of them. It happened when I advertised my house for sale. Mr. X approached me with Mr. Y. I welcomed the two and offered them to come into my drawing room. I was wearing a grin on my face and was treating them with utmost respect. I pulled chairs for them, turned on the AC as they had been in the sweltering heat of the sun for quite some time and needed refreshment. Both of my guests were in very pleasant mood. They had dressed up a bit too formally for the level of formality the occasion required. I was in casual dress in my home, wearing a T shirt over the pajamas. It was Sunday and people in general would normally be in bed that early in the morning. I had just been out of the bed. The two of them had approached me too early in the morning, though I did not mind at all. I asked them what would they take – tea or coffee. They asked for coffee. I went inside and asked my wife, Martha to make three cups of coffee. I needed to give them company both in person and in coffee, so I went back towards the drawing room. As I approached them and we were settled. Mr. X began the conversation. Mr. X: So Mr. A, we are interested in purchasing your home that you have recently advertised. Me: Sure. (Mr. Y remained silent all this while and for most part of the communication till the end). Mr. X: Your home is good but its price is too high. We need to bargain. Me: Maybe. What do you want to pay? (Meanwhile the coffee with muffins appeared on the table. I helped them to the coffee and muffins.) Mr. X: I want to buy this house for $50,000. Me: Sorry, that is not even half the demanded price. (Mr. X and Mr. Y exchanged looks. By the time, they had finished their cups of coffee and muffins). Mr. X: But look at your house! It is the cheapest in the whole town. (I was shocked by this sudden change of attitude. My house was certainly not the cheapest one around, and that guy was trying to disdain me and my property unnecessarily.) Me: I am extremely sorry but unfortunately, the price can not be bargained upon. This is the amount I require, and will keep the property with me unless this amount has been paid by a party. I respect your concerns for this house but I have no option to think otherwise. (That was the first time Mr. Y spoke). Mr. Y: If you do not agree to sell your house to us at our desired price, we shall spread the rumor that your house’s foundations are shaken and that it can fall into pieces anytime. (My suspicion was confirmed. They were two blackmailers. Otherwise, there was no point dressing up like that or coming over to my house that early in the morning, or saying things they did regarding my house if they were sincere and really wanting to buy it.). I told the two to leave before immediately and do whatever they think they can. In any communication, visual appearance of the participants casts an important impression upon others. â€Å"Reduced to its ess ence, negotiation is a form of interpersonal communication. Communication processes, both verbal and nonverbal, are critical to achieving negotiation goals and to resolving conflicts† (Barry, Lewicki, Saunders, 2006). Mr. X and Mr. Y were wearing dress pant and coat in the sweltering heat of May and that too very early in the morning. Perhaps, with the sober expression and formal dressing, they wanted to convey that they were to be taken seriously. However, â€Å"It’

Criminological theories with the context of social policy Essay

Criminological theories with the context of social policy - Essay Example 5). Looking at the lens of criminological theories, their essential applications could be primarily seen in the creation of various social policies which are mostly grounded on the bases of effective criminological theories. According to Dr. Paul Knepper (2007), various criminological theories—which basically resulted from the instituted questions regarding crimes—have led to the institution of a diversified array of policy implications—i.e., social policy, which concerns social welfare (p. 3). Most of the different criminological theories contributed significantly to the institution of social policy which grounded on the very core of such criminological theories. In fact, there were different social policies (and policy implications) which were formed and directed to addressing the problems of crimes stipulated and made essential by the different criminological theories. Education policy, for example, has been one of the major social policies, which has significant relationship to crime reduction (p. 83). Moreover, social policy creation through the basis of criminological theories is likely to proliferate in various strata with which various policy programs are implemented prior to the assertions embedded in each criminological theory. As being holistically stipulated in the account of Eric See (2004), the variously identified criminological theories significantly have their corresponding social policies presented and implemented. Cases in point are the programs which yielded solutions and alternatives in addressing crimes grounding essentially on Choice and Deterrence theory of criminology. Choice theory stipulates that it is the very choice of an individual to engage him/herself in and commit crime. This criminal act should therefore be responsibly blamed to the individual who performed the act and not to

Solid Waste Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solid Waste - Term Paper Example Environmental activists have conducted massive research on the subject of solid waste. To date, many smartly engineered techniques like recycling and composting have been introduced to protect the environmental purity and human population from its toxic effects. There are regulations defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for different types of waste in the Unites States (US). This paper attempts to contemplate what modern literature has to say on the subject from multiple perspectives. It will also scrutinize different EPA regulations for eradication of solid waste to analyze the extent to which this issue is taken seriously in the best interests of people and global climate. Types of solid waste: There are different types of solid waste which come in all varieties. Some common examples include tires, rubber, plastic products, empty bottles/cans, broken furniture, cylinders, construction debris, and industrial waste etc. Depending on a particular source, solid waste ca n be divided into domestic, industrial, and biomedical waste. Each type of waste is interpreted differently and influences our environment differently. Also, different regulation policies are identified for each type depending on its specific nature. Household waste is considered MSW. Some kinds of industrial waste are known as hazardous waste, while biomedical waste whose source is healthcare facilities is considered infectious waste. Industrial waste is considered very harmful and is made up of chemicals and metal mostly (The Energy and Resources Institute, 2007). Biomedical waste includes wasted stuff like gloves, sheets, plastic, disposables, chemicals, swabs, syringes, human waste etc.. This genre of solid waste is generated during surgeries, research, and treatment processes. This is the most infectious of all types of solid waste and poses a serious threat to humanity if not effectively managed as often as necessary in a certified manner. Given the high rate of infectious dis position of biomedical waste, it is assumed that 1 kg of every 4 kg of hospital waste contains infectious materials (TERI, 2007). Timely management of solid waste is critical important as otherwise, the risk of dangerous infections swiftly reaches a worrisome rate. Regulations by EPA for each type of solid waste: Many regulations have been made in the area of public law to properly manage both hazardous and nonhazardous solid waste. This identifies that law enforcement agencies significantly acknowledge how untreated waste can threaten the environment. The job of EPA is to keep track of the amount of trash produced, recycled, and composted each year in America in addition to generating a detailed report on this subject. It is claimed that in the year 2011, about 250 millions of MSW alone was generated by Americans and only 87 millions of it got recycled and composted which identifies a recycling rate of 34.7% (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Solid waste generat ed by house can often be harmful. So, household waste exemption is an important regulation for the solid waste management by EPA. It is literally impossible for EPA to monitor every house in every US state which may occasionally throw a bucket of paint or a bottle of acidic contents outside. So, houses are exempted from application of Subtitle C but the solid waste produced by them is still regulated under Subtitle D. The principal objective of Subtitle D is to promote â€Å"

Charitable Trusts as One of the Types of Equity Research Paper

Charitable Trusts as One of the Types of Equity - Research Paper Example A purpose trust is found to be charitable if it is construed that the main aim of the trust was charitable; beneficial to the general public rather than being detrimental; it benefits the general public rather than focusing on collective private citizens; further it has to be proved that the purpose was solely charitable and neither political nor profit distributing. Public purpose trusts have been immensely scrutinized by courts and statutes and the new charities act 2006 has greatly reformed the law. However, the old case law still remains to be of relevance, because of the fact that there has not been much judicial scrutiny after the new Act. The preamble to the Charities Uses Act 1601 provides a list of purposes which were said to be charitable; this has been reformed by the new act (Oakley & Parker, 2003). The preamble was used as a guide by Lord Mcnaughten in Income Tax Special Purposes Comrs v Pemsel for producing his fourfold characterization of what is to be construed as charitable. The divisions were trusts for the relief of poverty; trusts for the advancement of religion; trusts for the advancement of education; and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community (Hayton, David, Charles & Oshley, 2005). The fourth head is by far the broadest and relevant to the facts of the question. Lord Simmonds in A-G v National Provincial and Union Bank of England stated that a general public purpose benefitting the society will not suffice; it must be shown that the trust was charitable (Penner, 2006). In Williams Trustees v IRC, there was a gift on trust to establish and maintain an institute, to be known as the London Welsh Association, the purposes of which included maintaining an institute for the benefit of Welsh people in London and promoting their language culture.  

Surface modification to control stem cell differentiation in vitro Essay

Surface modification to control stem cell differentiation in vitro - Essay Example The stem cells within a developing embryo can differentiate into all sorts of specialized cells (known as pluripotent cells), while they can also sustain the normal turnover of revitalizing organs, such as skin, blood, or intestinal tissues (Keller, 1995). (National Institute of Health, 2001) It is getting more and more apparent that stem cells are extensively sensitive to their surroundings and react to prompts rendered by, hardness in two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D), chemistry, topography and culture. Surface modification involves changing the surface of an object by bringing chemical, biological or physical characteristics distinct from those detected originally on the surface of that object. In biomaterials, the surface modification performs a substantial role in ascertaining the consequence of the interactions of biological-materials. The surface of a material can be customized by using a particular modification in the surface of material to improve adhesion, cell interactio ns and biocompatibility. Accordingly surface modification is critical in the designing and development of new medical devices and biomaterials. The principle for the surface modification within the biomaterials is thus to continue the fundamental physical characteristics of a biomaterial while changing only the outmost surface to regulate the bio-interaction. In case such kind of surface modification is appropriately accomplished the functionality and mechanical properties of the device will remain unaffected, however, the bio-response associated to the device-tissue boundary will be modulated or improved. These surface modifications can be accomplished by utilizing mechanical, physiochemical or biological methods (Ratner, 2004). Objectives Stem cells are amazing cells, having both the abilities of differentiation to adult somatic cells and self-renewal in-vitro and in vivo. They possess various characteristics and advantages that can be coupled with the surface modification techniq ues to revolutionise healthcare applications and drug development. Stem cells provide a consistent and limitless furnish of physiologically applicable cells from formalized pathogen-free origins for practical applications like drug discovery, replacement therapies, toxicology studies and disease modelling (Roy, 2010). (National Institute of Health, 2001) Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation and Lineage Commitment The eventual purpose of bioengineering of stem cells is to become able to recognize and perhaps control the lineage commitment and differentiation of stem cells in vitro. Once this objective is attained, a huge number of therapeutic applications can be visualized. For instance one such application could be the production of different kinds of neurons in order to treat the injuries of spinal cord, Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease. Similarly the development of the muscle cells of heart for patients who have suffered heart attacks can also be imagined. Moreover, the production of pancreatic cells relevant in the secretion of insulin-secreting can also be considered to treat those suffering from Diabetes (Type I), along with the production of stem cells of hair follicle to treat some specific kinds of baldness. Complete Organ Generation These bioengineering techniques could also

Solid Waste Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solid Waste - Term Paper Example Environmental activists have conducted massive research on the subject of solid waste. To date, many smartly engineered techniques like recycling and composting have been introduced to protect the environmental purity and human population from its toxic effects. There are regulations defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for different types of waste in the Unites States (US). This paper attempts to contemplate what modern literature has to say on the subject from multiple perspectives. It will also scrutinize different EPA regulations for eradication of solid waste to analyze the extent to which this issue is taken seriously in the best interests of people and global climate. Types of solid waste: There are different types of solid waste which come in all varieties. Some common examples include tires, rubber, plastic products, empty bottles/cans, broken furniture, cylinders, construction debris, and industrial waste etc. Depending on a particular source, solid waste ca n be divided into domestic, industrial, and biomedical waste. Each type of waste is interpreted differently and influences our environment differently. Also, different regulation policies are identified for each type depending on its specific nature. Household waste is considered MSW. Some kinds of industrial waste are known as hazardous waste, while biomedical waste whose source is healthcare facilities is considered infectious waste. Industrial waste is considered very harmful and is made up of chemicals and metal mostly (The Energy and Resources Institute, 2007). Biomedical waste includes wasted stuff like gloves, sheets, plastic, disposables, chemicals, swabs, syringes, human waste etc.. This genre of solid waste is generated during surgeries, research, and treatment processes. This is the most infectious of all types of solid waste and poses a serious threat to humanity if not effectively managed as often as necessary in a certified manner. Given the high rate of infectious dis position of biomedical waste, it is assumed that 1 kg of every 4 kg of hospital waste contains infectious materials (TERI, 2007). Timely management of solid waste is critical important as otherwise, the risk of dangerous infections swiftly reaches a worrisome rate. Regulations by EPA for each type of solid waste: Many regulations have been made in the area of public law to properly manage both hazardous and nonhazardous solid waste. This identifies that law enforcement agencies significantly acknowledge how untreated waste can threaten the environment. The job of EPA is to keep track of the amount of trash produced, recycled, and composted each year in America in addition to generating a detailed report on this subject. It is claimed that in the year 2011, about 250 millions of MSW alone was generated by Americans and only 87 millions of it got recycled and composted which identifies a recycling rate of 34.7% (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Solid waste generat ed by house can often be harmful. So, household waste exemption is an important regulation for the solid waste management by EPA. It is literally impossible for EPA to monitor every house in every US state which may occasionally throw a bucket of paint or a bottle of acidic contents outside. So, houses are exempted from application of Subtitle C but the solid waste produced by them is still regulated under Subtitle D. The principal objective of Subtitle D is to promote â€Å"

Surface modification to control stem cell differentiation in vitro Essay

Surface modification to control stem cell differentiation in vitro - Essay Example The stem cells within a developing embryo can differentiate into all sorts of specialized cells (known as pluripotent cells), while they can also sustain the normal turnover of revitalizing organs, such as skin, blood, or intestinal tissues (Keller, 1995). (National Institute of Health, 2001) It is getting more and more apparent that stem cells are extensively sensitive to their surroundings and react to prompts rendered by, hardness in two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D), chemistry, topography and culture. Surface modification involves changing the surface of an object by bringing chemical, biological or physical characteristics distinct from those detected originally on the surface of that object. In biomaterials, the surface modification performs a substantial role in ascertaining the consequence of the interactions of biological-materials. The surface of a material can be customized by using a particular modification in the surface of material to improve adhesion, cell interactio ns and biocompatibility. Accordingly surface modification is critical in the designing and development of new medical devices and biomaterials. The principle for the surface modification within the biomaterials is thus to continue the fundamental physical characteristics of a biomaterial while changing only the outmost surface to regulate the bio-interaction. In case such kind of surface modification is appropriately accomplished the functionality and mechanical properties of the device will remain unaffected, however, the bio-response associated to the device-tissue boundary will be modulated or improved. These surface modifications can be accomplished by utilizing mechanical, physiochemical or biological methods (Ratner, 2004). Objectives Stem cells are amazing cells, having both the abilities of differentiation to adult somatic cells and self-renewal in-vitro and in vivo. They possess various characteristics and advantages that can be coupled with the surface modification techniq ues to revolutionise healthcare applications and drug development. Stem cells provide a consistent and limitless furnish of physiologically applicable cells from formalized pathogen-free origins for practical applications like drug discovery, replacement therapies, toxicology studies and disease modelling (Roy, 2010). (National Institute of Health, 2001) Controlling Stem Cell Differentiation and Lineage Commitment The eventual purpose of bioengineering of stem cells is to become able to recognize and perhaps control the lineage commitment and differentiation of stem cells in vitro. Once this objective is attained, a huge number of therapeutic applications can be visualized. For instance one such application could be the production of different kinds of neurons in order to treat the injuries of spinal cord, Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease. Similarly the development of the muscle cells of heart for patients who have suffered heart attacks can also be imagined. Moreover, the production of pancreatic cells relevant in the secretion of insulin-secreting can also be considered to treat those suffering from Diabetes (Type I), along with the production of stem cells of hair follicle to treat some specific kinds of baldness. Complete Organ Generation These bioengineering techniques could also

Bbq Sauce Essay Example for Free

Bbq Sauce Essay The biggest strength of this sauce is that it can be used as dipping sauce also. People love to eat this sauce with roosted food and fast food as dipping sauce. It means that this sauce has two different uses that we can use it for barbecue purpose and we can also use it as dipping sauce. The price of this sauce is very moderate and comparatively to other brand BBQ sauce, the ETA Original Barbecue sauce has less price. The taste of this sauce is very rich or in other words unique taste this is a big strength of this sauce. The colour of the sauce is very impressive which is dark brown. People who love barbecue food also like this sauce and are the favourite sauce of many people. The sauce quality is high and can compete with any competitive sauce around the world as both barbecuing and dipping sauce. This sauce has a higher shelf life than its competitors and it has expiry date of 1 year that’s mean user can utilise this sauce as much as long for 1 year. It does not need to be refrigerated we can put it anywhere within room temperature and we can take it anywhere we want such as to any party or any picnic. Due to its popularity it can be found anywhere in Australia. We can purchase this sauce from wool worth or from any big or small grocery shop. WEAKNESSES This sauce has a bad packaging and also the material of the bottle is not a good quality. The bottle is also unattractive. Few people do not like to purchase it due to previously mentioned reason. The label of the product is also unattractive. Few people also don’t like the colour combination of the bottle and the labelling which is red and yellow. The sauce is mostly placed on the last shelf in many big stores like Coles and Woolworth and this really affects the sale of any good. This sauce is basically famous in only Australian people not in people from other countries. Therefore, mostly overseas students, people and migrants do not wish to eat this sauce because they don’t know about it because of its placement. The bottle shape is not good and unattractive so mostly people buy the other BBQ sauce rather than ETA Original BBQ sauce. The bottle of ETA original barbecue sauce is made up of plastic and is not seeing through so people can not judge that how many sauce is left into the bottle and that’s the weak point of this ETA original barbecue sauce. The labelling of this product is also not attractive because it is scratch able. Some people in Australia do not like the smell of this sauce. So it is hard for them to eat this sauce due to irritating smell. The one more weakness of this product is that the BRAND is not popular that’s mean that the brand is weak so people dose not know about it because of its unpopularity. OPPORTUNITIES The ETA original Barbeque sauce is the product of Goodman Fielder Foods Services and this company can put more effort to promote this sauce as much as they can within different groups of people to get better result. This company can make better packaging and labelling by using the good plastic quality of bottle and by putting the sticker rather than labelling the bottle like â€Å"Masterfoods† does. They can also make packaging of this product more stylish according to the modern needs. They can also make it more attractive with cool grip and stylish shape. The taste of people changes time to time so they should do more and more market research to make the taste of this sauce according to the people needs. They can do expansion by advertising it more and more particularly in students and young people. 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ETA Original Barbecue Sauce can also make or target their market by distributing the free sachets in universities, schools, Westfield and WestPoint or any shopping centres in order to tell people about the product, and as people will familiar with the product, they could definitely buy the product so ETA Original Barbeque Sauce could make more customers and cpuld easily make more profits.

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay This study reviewing the biomechanical effects of the orthosis on human gait pattern and a specific type of ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with rocker bottom was used for the pilot study. Walking gait cycle background theory and related terms definition is explained as the introduction. A complete review on AFO functionality and efficacy on gait correction via laboratory testing is done. The review is mainly expressed from biomechanics approach with the use of kinematics and kinetic knowledge. From the reviewed process, it is no doubt to clarify that AFO enable to prevent and correct pathological gait for better improvement. Motion analysis technique using camera based system to conduct laboratory experiment on human gait is studied too. A sequence of procedures is design for further study, which consist of subject acquirement, rocker AFO fabrication, customization, laboratory experiment testing using Vicon motion analysis system, data collection and analyse. Besides, pilot studys results are included in result and discussion. A healthy woman was used as the subject in the pilot study who undergo 2 types of walking, which are walked barefoot and with AFO condition. As conclusion, the review provides evidence that the influence of AFO in altering human walking gait is significant and further study is necessary to be proceeded for better describe AFO functionality. Acknowledgement The first thank goes to Prof. Dr. Ir. Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas, my supervisor for this graduation project. His willingness and patient in teaching and guide me either to accomplish the tasks or when I facing problems during the time, were indeed appreciated. My grateful thank goes to Dr Noor Azuan Abu Osman with his enthusiasm of sharing valuable knowledge and all kind of challenges gave by him, were definitely brought me chances to work as an professional biomedical engineer. I express much gratitude to Miss Arezoo Eshraghi too, for her guidance and assistance brought to the smoothness of my thesis study. Nevertheless, I would like to thank for all the hard work done by my faculty, especially to the Coordinator for the Graduation Project, Dr.Belinda Murphy, assistant for the project Miss Khairunnisa Hasikin and all the stuff of Biomedical Engineering Department. Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols and Abbreviations AFO Ankle Foot Orthosis IC Initial contact LR Loading Response MST Mid Stance TST Terminal Stance TO Toe Off ISW Initial Swing MSW Mid Swing TSW Terminal Swing DF Dorsiflexion PF Plantarflexion KF Knee Flexion KE Knee Extension HF Hip Flexion HE Hip Extension PTB Patellar Tendon Bearing ToA Types of AFO CGC Control Group Condition Introduction Human locomotion defined as movement from one place to another and a numbers of ways could be done to achieve it, walking, use of a bicycle, wheelchair are examples of locomotion (Smidt, 1990). In this study, walking gait is the targeted locomotion. Walking is a cyclic movement interlaced between left and right foot with at least one foot being contact with the ground at all times in a certain periodic pattern (Ounpuu, 1995). A systemic analysis and parameter is required to evaluate walking gait effectively and biomechanics knowledge has been introduced to solve for this. It is a brand new term developed around the year of 1970s which integrating engineering mechanics knowledge into biological system. Biomechanics is actually applied in gait analysis by the ancient scientists few centuries ago (Martin, 1999). Biomechanics study on the gait analysis has been started since the year of 1680 by Aristotle on the gait of animals and in the year of 1890, Christian Wilhelm Braune an anatomist and Otto Fischer were started investigating human gait from biomechanics aspects (Martin, 1999). Scientists enthusiasm toward human gait analysis never shelved, it continue evolutes until today. At present, biomechanics investigation in gait analysis is able to provide profusion information for clinical practitioner to assess patient locomotion effectively. For instances, a pathology gait pattern by patient can be visualized by measuring biomechanical parameters, step length, length, joint angles, forces and etcetera. To evaluate how well the treatment improves patient ambulatory level, biomechanics knowledge applied too. Main interest of this study is not only focus on human walking gait, but also to investigate the manner orthotics alters its users gait pattern from biomechanics aspect. Orthosis is a medical appliance major used in orthopedics field for the purpose to support, alter, and align injured body segments involve in body movement (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). In this study, the ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with additional rocker sole is chose as the orthosis in this study. Figure 1.1(a) shown a solid AFO and (b) rocker bottom. Figure 1. Solid AFO Rocker AFO is a kind of treatment apply to diabetic patient who has plantar foot ulceration risk and with ankle joint mobility difficulty. From statistical analysis from University Malaya Medical Centre Diabetic Foot Clinics, plantar foot wound treatments on diabetic patient possess the highest number of among other kind of treatment and also footwear is the highest treatment modality among others in 2008 and 2009. This statement has support and encourages the necessity to carry out this study as number of diabetic patient is increase gradually every year. AFO is worn on lower extremity and around foot to support and correct ankle position. Patient having diabetes, experienced bones segment fracture, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, tendon dysfunction and limb disorder patient who ankle failed to support their body weight while walking are commonly suggested by orthotist to use an AFO to improve gait routine and to minimise further injury risk (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). Besides that, rocker sole is a creature use to reduce pressure on the forefoot and use to transmit pressure from high pressure to low pressure area meanwhile off loading the pressure exerted to risky area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009). To be relative to orthosis definition, an AFO with rocker sole should not bring more burdens to patient in increase energy demand or cause any long term side effects. Consequently, investigating AFO biomechanical performance in aiding and influencing wearer locomotion therefore becomes an important study. Three dimensional (3D) gait analysis systems are laboratory equipment involve the use of reflective markers that placed on subjects interest body segments as the landmarks (Davis, Deluca, Ounpuu, 2000). It has been use widely in clinical gait analysis services and research. The video camera based system employ 2 to 7 infrared cameras allocated on the measurement volume to record subject motion or markers trajectories in precise as shown in Figure 1.2 (a) (b). The entire system applies stereophotogrammetric techniques to produce each markers 3D coordinates from the two dimensional (2D) images capture by each of the camera (Davis, et al., 2000). This 3D system digitized subject movement in real time into frames depending on sampling rate set. The frame to frame analysis provides better motion visualization and subsequently from the 3D images generated it makes the possibility to compute a more complete description towards the dynamic gait in terms of biomechanical parameters. Kinemat ic, kinetic, and temporal parameters or some other dynamic gait variables are able to be obtained from this system. During the entire study, Vicon Nexus 1.4 motion analysis system is employ to record and examine subjects walking gait pattern. Kinematic and kinetic parameters are extracting to further illustrate rocker AFO effects on its user gait pattern. Figure 1.2(c) presented a monkey hooping frame image capture using 3D motion analysis systems. http://rehablab.creighton.edu/share/sharedfiles/UserFiles/image/Camera1.jpghttp://www.med.nyu.edu/rehabengineering/images/vicon8cameras.jpg (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Infrared Camera (b) Overview of Motion Analysis Laboratory (c) Frame Images Capture from Infrared Camera 1.1 Theory Walking gait Normal one complete gait cycle consists of stance phase and swing phase in a proportion of 60% and 40%, respectively. A normal adult will spent approximately 60% of total gait duration for heel strike to toe off (stance phase) and 40% for initial swing to terminal swing (swing phase). Stance phase is the event when foot touch on ground and body passes over the top of it whereas swing phase is when the same foot moves forwards in the air. Figure 1. Stance and Swing Phase Propotion. Stance phase is defined from initial contact, loading response, mid stance and terminal stance (toe off). Swing phase is defined from the instance toe off, initial swing, mid swing and terminal swing (Ounpuu, 1995). Figure 1.4 illustrates the phases of the gait cycle shown with the corresponding position for sagittal plane motion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=physmedrehabpart=A8414blobname=ch6f6-2.jpg Figure 1. Gait cycle phases (Carson, M.D. 1995) Stance phase Initial contact(IC) (0% of the gait cycle), it occur when foot contact to ground. Loading response (LR) (0-10% of the gait cycle), during this stage, shock absorption occurred with stability remain and body more forwarded. This is the first double support happened. Mid stance (MST) (10%-30% of the gait cycle), the first single leg support instance, purpose of this phase is to advance body over the stance phase limb while stability is maintained. Terminal stance (TST) (30%-50% of gait cycle), or sometimes called toe off(TF) single support ended when the sound limb contact with floor and in this phase, body still being advanced through the stance foot through the forward fall of the trunk. Toe off (TO) (60% of the gait cycle), when foots toes are about to leave floor. Swing Phase Initial Swing (ISW) (60%-73% of the gait cycle), second single support phase and begins when the foot leaves the ground until it passes opposite the stance limb. Mid swing (MSW) (73%-87%), continue advance the swing limb while providing clearance of stance foot. Terminal swing (TSW) (87%-100%), swing leg already in preparation for the next stance phase. In order for a person to walk normally, the locomotor system must fulfill four requirements. Firstly, stability of foot is essential to ensure each foot capable to withstand body weight with no collapsing. Secondly, during single leg support in stance phase, balance shall sustain for that particular period. Thirdly, swinging leg must be able to move in a sequence reaching the position where it can take over the supporting leg. Lastly, locomotor system must provided substantial power to induce limb movements and to advance the body (Whittle, 1993). Pathological gait produce abnormal walking patterns when it fails to obey any of the four requirements stated above. It can be indentified obviously by visual or using appropriate clinical gait analysis method. This abnormal gait maybe performed unintended by the subject due to the weakness, spasticity or deformity occurred onto them. Besides, sometimes the abnormal gait is also consequences of the compensatory motion by some other problem. Any abnormal gait should be corrected using an orthotics or braces in order to minimize overload harms on muscles, joints and bones. Kinematic and kinetics of human gait The terms kinematic and kinetics are branches of biomechanics, which are commonly employed in gait assessment. Kinematic describing a body movement without considering its causes for example forces and torque. Camera is a example of kinematic equipment which only used to observe limbs movement without but without providing information of force involved (Whittle, 1993). Meanwhile, kinetic is more in explaining the body motion with it causes like mass and forces exert onto the system. Moment, force, mass, and acceleration are the examples which usually utilize the kinetic of the systems. Example of kinematic equipment in gait analysis is force plate, which measure force exerted by foot but without the position and angle of the leg segment (Whittle, 1993). Kinematic of human gait: Angle Pelvis, hip, knee and ankle angle are the common kinematic parameters used in gait analysis. Each anatomical angle can be observed from sagittal, coronal and transverse plane. During normal gait, most of the motion occurred in sagittal plane meanwhile coronal and transverse plane have greater motion in pathological gait(Ounpuu, 1995). Table 1.1 is a summary on the each segment movement with respect to gait cycles phases. Table 1. Summary of the Major components of gait with respect to the phase of the gait cycle. Phase Joint Movement Ankle Knee IC Neutral Position Fully KE LR PF KF MST DF KE TST DF KE TF PF KF ISW Peak PF then DF rapidly KF rapidly to peak MSW Peak DF Start with peak KF and KE rapidly TSW PF KE PlantarFlexion(PF), DorsiFlexion(DF), Knee Flexion(KF), Knee Extension(KE), Hip Flexion(HF) and Hip Extension (HE) Kinetics of human gait: Ground reaction forces When a person is walking, forces will apply toward ground on each step taken. According to Newtons Third Law, a force will generate that is equal magnitude but in the opposite direction to the force applied by the foot, and it is called ground reaction forces. The vertical component of ground reaction forces is raise from heel strike and shot 112% of body weight during 25% of gait. At the mean time, the opposite leg propels the centre of gravity upward and thus vertical force descends to around 80% of body weight. At the instance of heel off, centre of gravity start to move downward therefore vertical forces raise again to around 115% of body weight at almost 80% of stance phase. Vertical forces descend greatly right after the peak vertical forces as the foot is propel to swing phase. Figure 1.5 shown the overview of vertical forces exert on the stance leg. Figure 1. Ground reaction forces Literature Review Types of AFO AFO is categorized into many types depending on its functionality, design approach and usages. AFOs are generally classified into five main branches: rigid AFOs, hinged AFOs, Patellar Tendon Bearing (PTB) AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs and ground reaction AFOs. Each AFOs functionality will be discussed in detail later. Table 2. Summary on Types of AFO and description (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001) Types of AFO Features Solid AFOSolid ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), Plastazote-lined (Photo courtesy of Hersco Orthotic Labs.) Trimmed anterior to malleoli surrounds ankle. Restrict ankle motion without allows any plantarflexion. During loading response, maintain a rigid foot and ankle alignment Hinged AFOhttp://www.appliedbiomechanics.com/Home/Home/Hinged_AFO.gif Add mechanical joint around ankle to permit motion. Degrees of motion are determined by the joint design. Allow dorsiflexion and plantar flexion without restriction. PTB AFOhttp://www.capstoneorthopedic.com/Orthoservicespages/afo/afo_clip_image018.png Cast until patella area as to transfer weight from plantar foot to patella tendon Responsible for off loading effect. Posterior Leaf Spring AFOhttp://www.neuromuscular-orthotics.com.au/images/PLS%20AFO.jpg Trimmed posterior to malleoli, allow plastic to recoil Function as a spring during swing phase off loaded, allow plantar flexion. Ankle motion is permitted by deformation and recoil of the plastic strip. Gait analysis method Reliability of the result obtained from motion analysis is mainly relay on the markers placement (Ferrari, et al., 2008; A. Leardini Benedetti, 1999). Therefore, marker positioning is depending strongly to the objective of the research or study. The inconsistency of marker placement is generally a crucial factor contribute to the data variation because each marker represent different body landmark respectively too. A full body marker set is often applying to investigate whole body posture and gait. A total of 60 markers with 22 on each leg, 5 on pelvis and 11 on trunk are consider as a complete marker set. It has been applied to evaluate treatment gait pattern correction or diseases caused pathological gait for example cerebral palsy and diabetic patient (Radtka, Skinner, Elise Johanson, 2005; Sawacha, et al., 2009). Only lower limb markers set were use more often in gait motion analysis (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, Gard, Malas, 2009; Alberto Leardini, et al., 2007; Yokoyama Sashik a, 2005). There also few study make their focus on gait assessment on AFO user which only applied reflective marker on lower limb as anatomic landmarks for the whole experiment (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009). When come across with gait analysis, researchers putting more interest on the lower limbs kinetic and kinematic parameters rather than upper limb because the locomotion trajectories occurred mainly in leg segments. In analyzing treatment effect for a particular illness or disease, control group or control variable present to serve a better comparison to the tested result. While evaluating the relation of orthosis treatment and gait assessment caused by it, subject under barefoot condition sometimes appeared as the control variable (Abel Juhl, 1998; Lam, Leong, Li, Hu, Lu, 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002). However, in some cases, barefoot control does not provide a comparable opportunity and it is not practical as in real life subjects usually walk with foot wear. Besides, as of experimental approach, it has shown that subjects walking with footwear is more relative to evaluate AFO efficacy with contrast to barefoot ((Radtka, et al., 2005)Churchill et al., 2003; Radtka et al., 2005). Two reviewed articles obtained result with subject walking while wore footwear alone (Bleyenheuft Hanson, 2010; Fatone, et al., 2009). There is one of the article used able bodied subject with footwear alone to acqui re control variables (Fatone et al., 2009). Either way of choosing control group is proportion to the research behavior and objectives. Therefore, appropriate consideration should be taken while designing a research methodology. Gait analysis parameters In general, AFO is use as prevention of foot deformity, limit joint movement, position and provide stability. The effect of AFO in serving all these functionality is been studied via various method from simple to more sophisticated gait analysis technique. Majority of the reviewed papers adopted video-camera based system to collect and record data. (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009; Lam, et al., 2005; Radtka, et al., 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002; Yokoyama Sashika, 2005). Kinematic and temperal parameters are the two common results obtained from ambulation analysis. Temperal parameter Cadance Cadence, defined as number of steps taken in a given period and its unit is steps over minute. In gait analysis, cadence becomes a popular parameter to evaluate AFO efficacy. Researches which have examined subjects gait with dynamic AFO and without dynamic AFO proved that cadence is one variable altered by the manipulation on AFO (Lam, et al., 2004; Romkes et al., 2001; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Lam and Romkes studies have shown a decrease of cadence while subject walked with dynamic AFO compare to walk with barefoot. However, in Bleyenheuft study, changes of cadence value are less significant compare to others. In hinged AFO, two papers reported a increase on cadence compare to barefoot ( Romkes et al., 2001; Tyson et al., 1998) and one shown decrease effect (Radtka et al., 2004). Four reviewed papers tested subjects walked with solid AFO reported decrease of cadence compare to without solid AFO (Abel et al., 1998; Radtka et al., 2004; Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). C adence in a new design AFO which use oil damper resistance to restrict ankle movement also reported a decrease phenomenon on subjects walking gait with against barefoot trials. Dynamic AFO reported to have higher cadence compare to solid AFO in Lam, 2004 and Bleyenheuft, 2007 studies. Meanwhile, between hinged AFO and dynamic AFO, hinged types AFO having higher cadence value ( Romkes et al., 2001). By reviewing this, an instance conclusion can be making that hinged AFO provide a high cadence. Resultant cadence variation is likely due to the design of types of the AFO. Manipulate ankle movement degree certainly influence entire locomotion trajectories, consequently cadence are involved. Velocity Velocity is a resultant product of stride length time cadence. Any changes of these two variables may vary walking velocity. Solid AFO, dynamic AFO, and hinged AFO were all result higher velocities and stride length compare to the condition without AFO on tested walking trials (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009). However, a less significant increase observed while analyzes hinged AFO and solid AFO toward barefoot condition in Fatone, 2009 and Lam, 2004 researches, respectively. From these two cases, a common observation found between them is the insignificant of stride lengths alterations. Kinematic of Gait Analysis DF at IC (Stance Phase) Currently, AFO are design to restrict exceed ankle PF, simultaneously improve pre-positioning of the foot during IC f gait cycle. However, DF ability of AFO is strictly relying on the design and trimming pattern of particular AFO (Yokoyama et al., 2005). All types of AFO being study in this section have shown reasonable increase of DF angle compare to barefoot or without AFO condition (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). This outcome is consistent with the basic functionality and characteristic of AFOs. For hinged and dynamic types, both allows free ankle DF during stance and meanwhile limit PF (Romkes et al., 2001). From review, subjects wore dynamic AFO have noticeable better DF than solid AFO and barefoot (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al, 2007). KF during IC (Stance phase) Knee fully extends just before heel contact and this is named as stance phase flexion. Patient walked with dynamic AFO showed significant increased in KF during initial stance compare to barefoot and there was less significant compared to solid type AFO (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Nevertheless, a slightly decreased on KF during initial contact is observed too. Both dynamic and hinged AFO shown little attenuate of KF angle compare to barefoot in Romkes, 2001 studies. In Radtka, 2005 research, the abnormal KF during barefoot walking remained although subject walk with hinged and solid AFO and this is consistent with Rethlefsen, 1999 findings. PF during TST (stance Phase) At the instance stance foot leave ground and preparing for swinging, plantar foot is flex as to push off body forwarded. Hinged AFO have impressed decreasing of PF during terminal stance if compare to walked with barefoot ( Radtka et al., 2005; Romkes et al., 2001). In Romkes, 2001 study, it revealed that hinged AFO has better push off effect compare to dynamic AFO according to their flexing ability. Besides that, in Radtka 2005s study, researchers concluded hinged AFO has better rocker effect as to proceed swing phase compared to solid AFO. DF during MSW (Swing Phase) DF is necessary to prevent foot drop as to provide toe clearance for patient to have better gait performance. In all the reviewed papers, DF were all increased during MSW (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). Table 2. Summary on Variables Comparison of Types of AFO (ToA) with respect to Control Group Condition (CGC) Author, Year ToA CGC Variables comparison on ToA with respect to CGC Cadence Velocity DF at IC KF at IC PF at TST Abel et al., 1998 Fixed AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Blenyenheuft et al., 2007 Dynamic AFO Shoe only Not significant Increase Increase Increase prefabricated AFO Shoe only Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Fatone et al., 2009 Hinged AFO Shoe only Not significant Not significant Increase Increase Lam et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Not significant Increase Increase Decrease Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Radtka et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Not significant Decrease Romkes et al., 2001 Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Tyson, 1998 Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Yokoyama et al., 2005 Oil damper resistance AFO Shoe only Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Kinetic of human gait: Ground reaction forces and Peak pressure High peak plantar pressure (PPP) on foot is significant in contributing ulceration and callus formation on diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Veyes, Murray, Buoulton, 1992). If PPP occurred on the same area for a repeated period it might associated with callus or skin break down on that particular area (Boulton AJ, 1993). Incidence of skin breakdown in the forefoot chance is higher compare to in rear foot (Mueller, Zou, Lott, 2005). It has been prove in few studies that metatarsal head is the most frequent areas having skin injury problem rather than at heel in diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Sinacore, 1996). By using rocker sole in diabetic subjects, reviewed papers shown a significant PPP reduction over the high pressure area especially over forefoot and rear foot area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009; Brown Wertsch, 2004; Schaff Cavanagh, 1990). Rocker sole is designed in a way that to redistribute plantar pressure from a conventional pressure distribution to a newly designed pressure map(Brown Wertsch, 2004). Aims and Objectives Examine orthosis efficacy in walking gait is the foremost objective in this study. AFO is prescribing enable to make better alignment of foot on patient with pathological gait. A rocker bottom is claimed to serve better plantar pressure distribution and as treatment to avoid further foot deformity. Basic approach in this study is to investigate the effectiveness of rocker AFO in prevent and utilize better ambulation pattern on diabetic patient from abnormal walking mechanism. Joint mobility caused by rocker AFO believed serve a better gait pattern and harmless to the connected leg segment. Rocker effect on the AFO is tending to reduce ground reaction forces to AFO user foot. Biomechanics and engineering knowledge is applied for better description. To test this hypothesis the following key objectives were undertaken: To study and enhance better gait mechanism knowledge from engineering and medical approach. To quantify and compare joint mobility with and without rocker AFO using lower limb component motion range analysis. To observe the relationship between the rocker bottom to kinetic changing on patient gait. Methodology Introduction Method to conduct this study is structured into few stages from recruiting subjects to conclude the study objectives. In order to keep align with this study objectives, each procedure taken has to be design carefully to reduce the possibility of data confusion and the occurrence of technical errors. Mostly, methodology to investigate orthosis efficacy usually being categorized into subject acquirement, subject assessment, AFO fabrication, AFO customize process, gait analysis laboratory testing, data acquisition and data analyzing ( Fatone et al., 2009). Subject acquirement In this study, AFO with rocker bottom is fixed to be the interest orthosis to investigate for the entire process. From literature, an AFO rocker sole mostly applied for the purpose of offloading on diabetic patient, thus the targeted subject is diabetic patient who possess potential to occur ulceration at plantar foot (Zimmy et al., 2004; Albright et al., 2009). 5 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy are recruiting as the subjects. Subject should be free from any other physical abnormality, surgery or injury on the lower limb extremities. To be prior to their participation, informed concern was acquired from all the subjects. Equipment: AFO Fabrication Only unilateral study will be carry out which means rocker AFO will be only fabricate for either leg depends on the foot condition. Each participant will be customizing a rocker AFO which is unique with their ulceration area and foot sizes. Participants are evaluated barefoot and going through anthropometrical measurement on the affected leg by the orthotists. The AFO are custom molded by polypropylene and with a suggested 4.8 mm thick (Lam eta al., 2005). Neutral position of the AFO will be 90Â ° at foot shank ankle. Foot length of the AFO will extended distally under the toes end and trimmed along the mediolateral border of the foot. Upper part of the AFO will trimmed on posterior until about 2.5cm below fibula. Rocker sole apex has to be position according to subject pressure distribution. Usually subject affected areas are location with metatarsal and forefoot area. A consistent rocker sole design is purposed with the apex fall behind of the fifth metatarsal with an angle of 15à ‚ °. Figure 3.1 shown the rocker AFO suggested: Figure 3. Rocker AFO After rocker AFO finishing, subject request to test the fitness of the AFO. If the custom made rocker AFO raises any comfort ability issue, adjustment being done to fix it. Gait analysis laboratory testi